Hash / Hashing / Hash Algorithm

Hash - (informal) Mail that is not required to be ready for close connections and not in sufficient quantity to warrant a definite separation. (Also called layover mail and house mail.)

[Category=Postal ]

Source: USPS, 23 September 2009 08:33:15, http://www.usps.com/cpim/ftp/pubs/pub32/pub32h_p.html

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Hash - Data allocated in an algorithmically randomized fashion in an attempt to evenly distribute data and smooth access patterns.

[Category=Information Management ]

Source: Information-Management.com, 21 June 2010 08:28:22, http://www.information-management.com/glossary/f.html

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Hash - Data allocated in an algorithmically randomized fashion in an attempt to evenly distribute data and smooth access patterns.

[Category=Data Warehousing ]

Source: Sun.com, 29 July 2010 13:29:30, http://www.sun.com/third-party/dw/brochures/67198.Acrobat.pdf

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Hash - Data allocated in an algorithmically randomized fashion in an attempt to evenly distribute data and smooth access patterns.

[Category=Data Warehousing ]

Source: Aexis Business Intelligence, 12 December 2010 10:48:24, http://www.aexis.eu/DataWarehouse-Glossary/

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Hashing / hash algorithm - This is a mathematical process, similar in many respects to encryption and sometimes referred to as one-way encryption. Information (some text, a web page, a file) can be processed by the algorithm.   Some algorithms also require a key, just like encryption.   The algorithm processes the information and calculates a number that is unique to the original information.   According to the standards it should be 'collision free' - that is that no two pieces of information should ever produce the same value.   Hashing is useful, because once a value has been calculated it is impossible to alter the information without detection since hashing the altered file cannot produce the original calculated value.

[Category=Geospatial ]

Source: Arctic Soft, 06 August 2011 09:16:14, http://www.articsoft.com/it_security.htm  

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hashing - Hashing is the transformation of a string of characters into a usually shorter fixed-length value or key that represents the original string. Hashing is used to index and retrieve items in a database because it is faster to find the item using the shorter hashed key than to find it using the original value. It is also used in many encryption algorithms.

As a simple example of the using of hashing in databases, a group of people could be arranged in a database like this:

   Abernathy, Sara Epperdingle, Roscoe Moore, Wilfred Smith, David (and many more sorted into alphabetical order)

Each of these names would be the key in the database for that person's data. A database search mechanism would first have to start looking character-by-character across the name for matches until it found the match (or ruled the other entries out). But if each of the names were hashed, it might be possible (depending on the number of names in the database) to generate a unique four-digit key for each name. For example:

   7864 Abernathy, Sara 9802 Epperdingle, Roscoe 1990 Moore, Wilfred 8822 Smith, David (and so forth)

A search for any name would first consist of computing the hash value (using the same hash function used to store the item) and then comparing for a match using that value. It would, in general, be much faster to find a match across four digits, each having only 10 possibilities, than across an unpredictable value length where each character had 26 possibilities.

The hashing algorithm is called the hash function-- probably the term is derived from the idea that the resulting hash value can be thought of as a "mixed up" version of the represented value.

In addition to faster data retrieval, hashing is also used to encrypt and decrypt digital signatures (used to authenticate message senders and receivers). The digital signature is transformed with the hash function and then both the hashed value (known as a message-digest) and the signature are sent in separate transmissions to the receiver. Using the same hash function as the sender, the receiver derives a message-digest from the signature and compares it with the message-digest it also received. (They should be the same.)

The hash function is used to index the original value or key and then used later each time the data associated with the value or key is to be retrieved. Thus, hashing is always a one-way operation. There's no need to "reverse engineer" the hash function by analyzing the hashed values. In fact, the ideal hash function can't be derived by such analysis. A good hash function also should not produce the same hash value from two different inputs. If it does, this is known as a collision. A hash function that offers an extremely low risk of collision may be considered acceptable.

Here are some relatively simple hash functions that have been used:

   * Division-remainder method: The size of the number of items in the table is estimated. That number is then used as a divisor into each original value or key to extract a quotient and a remainder. The remainder is the hashed value. (Since this method is liable to produce a number of collisions, any search mechanism would have to be able to recognize a collision and offer an alternate search mechanism.)
   * Folding method: This method divides the original value (digits in this case) into several parts, adds the parts together, and then uses the last four digits (or some other arbitrary number of digits that will work ) as the hashed value or key.
   * Radix transformation method: Where the value or key is digital, the number base (or radix) can be changed resulting in a different sequence of digits. (For example, a decimal numbered key could be transformed into a hexadecimal numbered key.) High-order digits could be discarded to fit a hash value of uniform length.
   * Digit rearrangement method: This is simply taking part of the original value or key such as digits in positions 3 through 6, reversing their order, and then using that sequence of digits as the hash value or key.

There are several well-known hash functions used in cryptography. These include the message-digest hash functions MD2, MD4, and MD5, used for hashing digital signatures into a shorter value called a message-digest, and the Secure Hash Algorithm (SHA), a standard algorithm, that makes a larger (60-bit) message digest and is similar to MD4. A hash function that works well for database storage and retrieval, however, might not work as for cryptographic or error-checking purposes.

Related glossary terms: contiguous, drill down, hybrid online analytical processing (HOLAP or Hybrid OLAP), contiguity, database mirroring

[Category=Data Management ]

Source: WhatIs.com, 13 August 2013 09:00:08, http://whatis.techtarget.com/glossary/Data-and-Data-Management